Hubungan HUBUNGAN KARAKTERISTIK SOSIODEMOGRAFIS DENGAN KEJADIAN DEPRESI PASCA PERSALINAN PADA IBU NIFAS The Relationship Between Sociodemographic Characteristics and Postpartum Depression Among Postpartum Mothers

Abstract

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common mental health problem among postpartum

mothers that adversely affects the well-being of both mother and child. The prevalence of PPD in Indonesia

is considerably higher than in many other developing countries. Sociodemographic factors play a crucial

role as primary determinants of PPD. However, a local predictive model that simultaneously considers

these variables is still lacking. Objective: To examine the association between sociodemographic

characteristics (education, income, parity, pregnancy status, and age) and the occurrence of postpartum

depression. Methods: This analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted

among 84 postpartum mothers in Indonesia between August 2024 and July 2025. Samples were obtained

using accidental sampling. Data were collected using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).

The Chi-square test and bivariate logistic regression were employed for data analysis. Results: Husbands’

income below the regional minimum wage increased the risk of PPD by 13.5 times (95% CI: 3.6–50.7;

p<0.001). Low educational level increased the risk by 3.5 times (95% CI: 1.2–10.2; p=0.024), primiparity

by 2.7 times (95% CI: 1.0–7.1; p=0.046), and unplanned pregnancy by 10.1 times (95% CI: 2.8–36.4;

p<0.001). Maternal age was not significantly associated with PPD (p=0.65). Conclusion:

Sociodemographic factors such as low income, low educational attainment, and primiparity are key

determinants of postpartum depression. Early detection and interventions targeting social risk factors are

essential to reduce the prevalence of PPD.